Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. (2023). Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. What bloody business ever. Analysis. The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). Then must you speak Desdemona senses a change in Othello and she has a feeling that she will die soon due to the hands of Othello. Othello A Christian Moor who has earned a high reputation as a general in the Venetian army and has recently married Desdemona, daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. To you, preferring you before her father, That such a man should unravel so completely, ushered by jealousy and hatred into a bestial worldview that cancels any claims of human virtue and self-less devotion, shocks and horrifies. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. : Feminist: Ex. In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). Eventually, this leads to Othellos suicide. Misled by the handkerchief, his love token to Desdemona, that Iago has planted in Cassios room and by a partially overheard conversation between Iago and Cassio, Othello, by the end of act 3, forsakes his wife and engages himself in a perverse version of the marriage ceremony of act 2 to Iago. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. Alfiero, like Iago, similarly arouses the Moors suspicions by stealing Disdemonas handkerchief and planting it in Cassios bed-room. Home Archetypal Criticism Archetypal Criticism, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on October 22, 2020 ( 0 ). The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. For Frye, as William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks put it, archetype, borrowed from Jung, means a primordial image, a part of the collective unconscious, the psychic residue of numberless experiences of the same kind, and thus part of the inherited response-pattern of the race (Literary Criticism 709). James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. A archethpes symbol or myth leads to the establishment of a general truth. Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . The critical annotations are astute and, given their brevity, surprisingly thorough and suggestive. He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. (3.3.54) Ex. 2. Carl Jungs Contribution to Psychoanalytic Theory. In his "The . Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. Citations What hooks you? Active Themes Emilia returns with Desdemona. The first systematic application of Jungs ideas to literature was made in 1934 by Maud Bodkin in Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: An attempt is here made to bring psychological analysis and reflection to bear upon the imaginative experience communicated by great poetry, and to examine those forms or patterns in which the universal forces of our nature there find objectification (vii). In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, Frye's thesis in "The Archetypes of Literature" remains largely unchanged in Anatomy of Criticism. An equal case can be made that Iago here completes his role as Vice, borrowed from the medieval morality plays, sealing the Faustian bargain for Othellos soul in this mock or black marriage scene. It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. The movie Zootopia uses animals to portray racism and sexism; predators do not like prey and vice versa. Desdemona and Othello, therefore, face the usual challenges of the lovers in a Shakespearean comedy who must contend with the forces of authority, custom, and circumstances allied against their union. Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. So much I challenge that I may profess Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. Tis done at your request; but let her live. Richer than all his tribe. Literary Theory from 1900 to 1966: A-Z A Alexander Chirila First published: 24 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444337839.wbelctv1a009 Read the full text PDF Tools Share Abstract Archetypal criticism is a form of analysis based on the identification and study of recurring symbolic and mythic patterns. She does not fight back nor call for help, Desdemona begs for her life asking to Kill me (Desdemona) tomorrow; let me live tonight! (V.ii.97). Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, According to Hillman, that discourse was anticipated by Evangelos Christous Logos of the Soul (1963) and extended in religion (David L. Millers New Polytheism, 1974), philosophy (Edward Caseys Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, 1976), mythology (Rafael Lopez-Pedrazas Hermes and His Children, 1977), psycholinguistics (Paul Kuglers Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, 1982), and the theory of analysis (Patricia Berrys Echos Subtle Body, 1982). Reading example essays works the same way! Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. Due to the Moor, my lord. Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a man of, The extent of which Othello is a tragic hero has been open to much debate; the basis on which he is judged falls to Aristotles established view of the crucial elements that distinguish whether a person is truly tragic. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. "Othello is essentially an noble character, flawed by insecurity and a nature that is naive and unsophisticated". Othello, unlike the other Shakespearean comedies, adds three more acts to the romantic drama, shifting from comic affirmation to tragic negation. These archetypalists, focusing on the imaginaland making central the concept that in English they call soul, assert their kinship with Semiotics and Structuralism but maintain an insistent focus on psychoid phenomena, which they characterize as meaningful. Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. Iago: My friend is dead. Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. I am hitherto your daughter. Archetypal Criticism Volume I. Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. Othello, being a hero, enjoys a good reputation and has notable qualities. A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. Patterns originate from the writer's . : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello However, the Moor and Alfiero join forces to kill Disdemona, beating her to death with a stocking filled with sand before pulling down the ceiling on her dead body to conceal the crime as an accident. Desdemona finally, dramatically appears before the senate to support Othellos account of their courtship and to balance her obligation to her father and now to her husband based on the claims of love: My noble father, The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. . The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. Looking at William Shakespeare's Othello The Moor Of Venice, the central character, Othello is revered as the tragic hero. I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). A Modern View of Feminist Criticism William Shakespeare 's "Othello" can be analyzed from a feminist perspective.This criticism focuses on relationships between genders, like the patterns of thoughts, behavior, values, enfranchisement, and power in relations between and within sexes. Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. Nothing extenuate, Sign up Othello, though, decides to kill her. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. . Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. archetypal criticism in othello. . Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. His demise was of his own doing. Of all Shakespeares tragedies . This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. In-text citation: And the 1980s saw a new, suggestive, and controversial direction in archetypal studies of literature: the feminist. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. Now art thou my lieutenant. In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. After Othello learns of a possible affair between Cassio and Desdemona, at this instance is the turning point in Othellos fortune because it changes his views, attitudes and ultimately his fate. The tragedy of Othello, written by William Shakespeare, presents the main character Othello, as a respectable, honorable, and dignified man, but because of his insecurities and good nature, he is easily taken advantage of and manipulated by his peers and alleged friends. "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). William Shakespeare, born in the year 1564, is often considered to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, writer in the English language. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler, 20 vois., 1953-79), Letters (trans. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. Altho a tragic ending it may be, Othello couldn't stand being a such a fool to have believed such lies about his one and only love. Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory. The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . From the moment when the temptation of the hero begins, the readers heart and mind are held in a vice, experiencing the extremes of pity and fear, sympathy and repulsion, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. Abstract. Indeed, myth criticism seems singularly unaffected by any of the archetypal theorists who have remained faithful to the origins and traditions of depth, especially analytical, psychologyJames Hillman, Henri Corbin, Gilbert Durand, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Evangelos Christou. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. Kibin, 2023, www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? Succeeds in unknown fate. This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. After the. And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes . Earnest Cassirer, a social anthropologist was an important influence on myth criticism. Archetypal analysis is an appropriate model for customer heterogeneity whenever the underlying structure is best defined by the extremes. Iago will direct the remainder of the play, constructing Othellos down-fall out of the flimsiest evidence and playing on the strengths and weaknesses of Othellos nature and the doubts that erode Othellos faith in Desdemona. You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy.
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