The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Foreign Affairs. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. This meant atholics did not think . In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Died: 24 March 1603. Boston Spa, Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. This increased tension between England and Spain. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. VAT reg no 816865400. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Overview of Elizabeth I / Company Reg no: 04489574. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. - Leith blockade. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. . (*fragmentary*). - navy to firth of Forth. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Company Reg no: 04489574. The invasion failed, however. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Elizabeth I: a biography. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. . Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. It had to deal with Irish . LS23 6AD However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. VAT reg no 816865400. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. 214 High Street, For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Become a Member | "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. LS23 6AD He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . France was at war with England and Spain. Spouse: None. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Roman Catholics . Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. VAT reg no 816865400. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Spain and France were the major European powers. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Save. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. - death of henry II. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Topic guides / Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. . The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. 2) This war was not a success. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Dedicated to. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Boston Spa, Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. 14-16 / France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada.