which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. I bet the bad behavior ended too. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). They are tied to experiences early in life. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. d. damage control. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. c. gestalt A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. 33. b. accepting problematic thoughts. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. 2.2.1.4. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. A patient has social anxiety disorder. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Don't worry. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. c. psychodynamic. 17. b. self-actualization. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. 2.2.1.1. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). d. self-aware. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? 2.2.3.3. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. c. existential Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. 80. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? d. fixation. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? d. cognitive. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. 148. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. 113. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. 2.3.1.2. d. flight of ideas. 55. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. a. existential d. indicator of psychological conflict. 73. b. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. We must try to convert what we see into action. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. c. people are driven to self-actualize. 39. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. d. sociocultural. b. repression. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. b. rationalization. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. 112. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. c. congenital malformations. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. c. unconditional positive regard. a. Dysfunction b. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. Figure 2.10. d. quaternary prevention. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 31. b. resistance. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Dealing with anxiety. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). b. existential therapy. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. conditions of worth. d. projection. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. b. anxiety disorders. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. b. prevention. 158. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. d. humanistic. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Postconditioning. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. 164. 166. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. c. social networks. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. c. neurotransmitters. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? b. self-actualizing. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. 119. Communication in the Nervous System. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. b. behavior-focused therapists. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. 54. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. 1. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. c. superego. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Infants tend to do things that feel good. b. superego. 145. Consider where students sit in a class. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Is this correct? According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Psychosurgery. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. 25. Neural transmission. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? a. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. 151. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. b. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. Simply: Figure 2.1. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. 22. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. What about other students in the class that you know? Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. A story will illustrate the latter. 76. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. 21. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. c. The receiving neurons fire. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? b. axons. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. 165. d. genes. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. c. regression. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. Evaluating the behavioral model. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 143. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. d. propositions. 2.3.4.3. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. 103. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. 138. c. gestalt. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says.